| Solar panel | Solar array serve as components that convert sunlight into using photovoltaic cells. These are an eco-friendly and sustainable energy source, reducing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a device that absorbs sunlight to generate heat, usually used for hot water production or room heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on conventional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses solar radiation to generate heat, which can be used for water heating, space heating, or electricity production. It is a sustainable and renewable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a beautiful seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the UK known for its wealthy cultural legacy, famous sights, and bustling urban areas like London. It boasts a diverse scenery of gentle slopes, old castles, and lively city hubs that blend tradition with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the natural radiance emitted by the star, vital for life on Earth as it provides fuel for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a form of energy due to the flow of charged particles, primarily electrons. It fuels innumerable appliances and networks, enabling modern life and technological progress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a reversed electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the one-way stream of electric charge, generally produced by cell packs, power supplies, and solar panels. It provides a consistent voltage or current, rendering it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A cell is a device that stores chemical energy and transforms it into electric power to operate various digital equipment. It comprises one or more electrochemical cells, each containing electrode pairs divided by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts sunlight immediately into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy solution that minimizes reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a instrument that converts DC created by solar panels into AC appropriate for home use and grid connection. It plays a crucial role in maximizing energy efficiency and guaranteeing secure, reliable power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that changes direction regularly, usually used in domestic and industrial power supplies. It permits effective transmission of electricity over extended spans and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that controls the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and damage. It guarantees optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a tool used to determine the dimension, quantity, or intensity of something accurately. It includes instruments like rulers, climate gauges, and manometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a system that automatically adjusts the orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement across the day, maximizing energy absorption. This technology improves the efficiency of solar power systems by ensuring best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are massive installations that capture sunlight to generate electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They provide a sustainable and eco-friendly energy source, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and decreasing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves setting up photovoltaic cells on building roofs to create electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps reduce reliance on non-renewable fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-connected solar energy setup transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar power satellite is an artificial satellite equipped with photovoltaic panels that gather solar radiation and transform into electrical energy. This electricity is then transmitted wirelessly to Earth for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions save excess energy generated from renewable sources or the grid for later use, improving energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These installations generally use batteries to offer backup energy, cut down energy expenses, and support grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The timeline of solar cells documents the advancement and improvements in photovoltaic tech from the beginning discovery of the solar effect to modern high-efficiency solar panels. It features major innovations, including the invention of the first silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent advances that have significantly enhanced energy transformation and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French-born scientist renowned for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and luminescence. His tests laid the foundation for grasping how light interacts with certain materials to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrician and researcher known for finding out the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His research formed the basis for the development of the photo-sensitive device and progress in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free framework used for automated testing of web browsers, allowing testers to mimic user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a flexible tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of light reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an US innovator who developed the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His groundbreaking work set the basis for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-powered power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce vapor that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductors. His work formed the basis of modern solar power technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a famous research and development entity traditionally associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in communications, computing, and materials science. It has been the birthplace of many groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and 14, famous for its crucial role in the manufacturing of electronic devices and solar modules. It is a tough, fragile solid substance with a blue-grey sheen, predominantly employed as a semiconductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a little device installed on each solar panel to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This technology increases system effectiveness, facilitates improved performance oversight, and improves energy yield in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar module is a device that converts sunlight straight into electricity through the solar energy process. It is frequently used in photovoltaic systems to offer a green and sustainable energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that provides renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon is a elementary particle representing a packet of light and other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum without having rest mass. It plays a important role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, enabling phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the mechanism by which certain materials convert sunlight directly into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This phenomenon is the fundamental concept behind solar panel systems, allowing the capturing of solar energy for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a fine slice of chip material, usually silicon, used as the substrate for creating integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where microprocessors are built through processes like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic devices due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its regular, orderly crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology characterized by their lightweight, pliable configuration, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a reduced expense. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the mass of structural elements and stationary equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as users, fixtures, and environmental factors. Both are essential considerations in structural design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components end-to-end, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits link components across the identical voltage source, allowing multiple paths for current. These arrangements influence the circuit's overall resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification refers to the speed at which electric power flows by an electrical network, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. It is generated through diverse origins such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable energy, and fundamental for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a measure of power in the International System of Units, indicating the measure of energy flow or transformation. It is the same as one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical potential difference between two points, which drives the flow of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in V and indicates the power per unit charge available to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the derived unit of voltage, potential difference, and EMF in the metric system. It measures the electric energy per unit charge between two points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the passage of electricity through a conductor wire, typically measured in amperes. It is necessary for energizing electronic devices and facilitating the working of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere is the standard of electric current in the SI units, symbolized as A. It indicates the flow of electric charge through a wire over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the level of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and Electrical load in a circuit. It affects the layout and size of power systems to maintain secure and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical housing used to safely house wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a secure and dependable manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a simple and standardized method of providing electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is commonly used for powering and energizing a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a instrument that changes direct current (DC) from sources like batteries or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for household appliances. It allows the operation of regular electrical equipment in settings where only direct current electricity is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack is a collection of several individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically regulate the position of solar panels to track the sun’s path throughout the day, maximizing energy absorption. This technology improves the effectiveness of photovoltaic energy harvesting by keeping ideal panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to enhance the energy production of solar panel setups by regularly modifying the operating point to match the peak power point of the solar cells. This methodology provides the best performance power harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually improving the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a instrument that observes and analyzes the performance of solar panel systems in live, delivering valuable data on energy production and system condition. It helps enhance solar energy generation by identifying problems early and guaranteeing highest performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are lightweight, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are commonly used in solar panels to power homes, devices, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of numerous tiny silicon crystals, typically used in solar panels and microchip production. Its manufacturing process involves liquefying and reforming silicon to form a ultra-pure, polycrystalline type fit for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a high-purity form of silicon with a single lattice framework, making it extremely capable for use in photovoltaic modules and electronic components. Its consistent structure allows for improved charge movement, resulting in higher performance compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics constitute a kind of thin film solar method that presents a affordable and efficient solution for extensive solar energy generation. They are known as their high absorption capability and moderately affordable manufacturing expenses compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are laminate photovoltaic devices that use a composite material of Cu, In, Ga, and selenium to transform sunlight into energy efficiently. They are known for their excellent light capturing performance, flexibility, and capability for lightweight, cost-effective solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a amorphous molecular structure, making it more adaptable and easier to deposit than structured silicon. It is commonly used in solar panels and electronic devices due to its economic advantage and versatile features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic panels aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and pioneering techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, cutting costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar cells are innovative photovoltaic modules that utilize multiple p-n connections layered in unison to collect a wider range of the solar spectrum, substantially boosting their efficiency. These are primarily employed in space satellites and high-efficiency solar power systems due to their outstanding energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are vital components that generate solar radiation into electrical energy to operate onboard instrumentation. Generally lightweight, long-lasting, and designed to operate efficiently in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of several elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic element, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as laser devices, LEDs, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound-based semiconductor famous for its high electron mobility and efficiency in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics utilize lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-layer solar cells, significantly increasing energy conversion efficiency. This technique is perfect for massive solar power plants in zones with clear sunlight, offering a economical approach for large-scale energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and bendable form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a delicate coating of copper indium gallium selenide as the light-absorbing layer, known for excellent energy conversion and flexibility. They offer a portable, budget-friendly alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with great output in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film denotes a delicate layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in diverse technological applications. These films are essential in electronics, light manipulation, and films for their special physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a renewable and cost-effective energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a stratum of substance spanning a few nanometers to multiple micrometers in depth, often coated on surfaces for functional purposes. These layers are used in diverse fields, including electronics, optical technologies, and medical applications, to alter surface properties or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are units of measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to illustrate extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are precision measuring instruments used to precisely measure minute thicknesses or thicknesses, generally in manufacturing and manufacturing. They feature a adjusted screw device that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a slender, round section of silicon crystal used as the substrate for fabricating semiconductor devices. It acts as the primary material in the creation of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are compact solar units famous for their superior output and adaptability, ideal for diverse applications. They utilize a layered semiconductor structure that converts sunlight immediately into electrical energy with excellent performance in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is known for being affordable and having a comparatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into power using solar panels, offering a green energy source for household, commercial, and grid applications. They deliver a environmentally friendly, long-lasting, and affordable way to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device that converts sunlight into electrical energy using a light-sensitive dye to capture light and produce electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and flexible alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for transparent and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This technology offers the potential for cost-effective, bendable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are solar cells that use carbon-based molecules, to turn sunlight into electrical power. They are compact, bendable, and enable cost-effective, extensive solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a potential semiconductor substance used in laminate solar cells due to its earth-abundant and safe elements. Its superior photo-electronic properties make it an attractive option for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of architectural elements, such as roof surfaces, facades, and windows. This innovative approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining design elegance and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material with minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency permits light to diffuse through, making detailed visibility obscured but yet still permitting shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves placing a light film to the interior or exterior of cars or structures windows to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It enhances privacy, improves energy efficiency, and provides a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of photovoltaic power stations information various large-scale solar energy installations around the world, highlighting their power and sites. These stations function a important role in green energy generation and worldwide efforts to reduce carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are extensive systems that convert sunlight straight into electricity using solar modules. They are crucial in renewable energy generation, cutting dependence on fossil fuels, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of challenges such as contamination, climatic shifts, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote green approaches and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from natural sources that are renewably replenished, such as sunlight, air currents, and hydropower. It offers a eco-friendly solution to fossil fuels, decreasing environmental impact and supporting sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as lignite, oil, and methane, are non-replenishable supplies formed over geological eras and are exhausted when used. They are the primary energy sources for electricity generation and mobility but pose ecological and environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various energy sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable resources into electrical energy. This process typically occurs in power stations where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce electricity for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, harmful elements such as Pb, Hg, metallic cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance indicates how efficiently a solar cell transforms sunlight into usable energy. Enhancing this efficiency is key for increasing renewable energy output and cutting reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when light shining on a metallic surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This event provided critical proof for the development of quantum physics by showing that light energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves exposing products to elevated stresses to rapidly assess their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of photovoltaics has accelerated rapidly over the past decade, driven by innovations and decreasing costs. This growth is transforming the international energy scene by boosting the percentage of clean solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power facilities built to generate electricity on a industrial scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover large areas and utilize solar panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a clear component that refracts light to focus or diverge rays, producing images. It is often used in equipment like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to control light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an incoming light ray and the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. It determines how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a delicate film applied to optical surfaces to reduce glare and improve light transmission. It boosts the sharpness and illumination of screens by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that their amplitude levels counteract each other, leading to a decrease or complete elimination of the resultant waveform. This phenomenon usually happens when these waves are phase-shifted by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is an electric current that changes polarity, commonly employed in power supply systems. The voltage fluctuates following a sine wave as time progresses, allowing efficient transmission over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a tiny entity used to transform DC from a individual solar panel into AC suitable for home applications. It boosts system performance by maximizing power output at the module level and simplifies setup and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC power, is electrical power delivered through a network where the potential difference and electric flow regularly reverse orientation, enabling optimized transmission over vast spans. It is commonly used in households and factories to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a type of electrical plug used to supply direct current (DC) power from a energy source to an device. It usually consists of a tube-shaped plug and jack that provide a reliable and consistent link for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | UL is a worldwide safety validation agency that tests and endorses products to ensure they adhere to particular safety norms. It supports consumers and companies find dependable and safe products through thorough review and analysis procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electrical circuits in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this setup, the constant current passes through all elements, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where elements are connected across the same voltage source, offering multiple routes for current flow. This arrangement allows devices to operate autonomously, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode serves as a semiconductor device that allows current to pass in a single sense exclusively, acting as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12V, designed to deliver electrical power for various devices and accessories inside of a automobile. It enables users to charge electronic electronics or use small devices while on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for connecting peripheral hardware to computers, enabling data transmission and electric power. It backs a broad spectrum of hardware such as keypads, mouses, external storage devices, and mobile phones, with multiple revisions delivering increased speeds and upgraded performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into electrical energy. Improving this efficiency is essential to increasing energy production and making solar power economical and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy conservation technologies. It aims to advance developments in solar power, wind, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to enable a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses every kind of electromagnetic waves, extending from radio waves to high-energy photons, featuring varied wavelengths and power. This band is essential for numerous technological applications and natural phenomena, enabling signal transmission, medical imaging, and comprehension of the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily produced by the sun. It has a crucial role in processes like vitamin D synthesis but can also cause skin injury and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color scheme based on shades of a single hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and unity. This layout approach emphasizes simplicity and elegance by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, typically measured in watts/m². It is a important parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the strength of sunlight hitting a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a standard unit used to measure the magnitude of radiation or power received or emitted over a specific area, commonly in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in grasping the dispersion and movement of power across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of diverse tones or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or alternatively. It is frequently used to depict the distribution of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a big body of air with comparatively consistent thermal and moisture properties, originating from certain source areas. These airmass influence climate trends and air states as they pass through diverse zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the quantification of the energy per unit area received from the solar source in the form of electromagnetic radiation. It changes with solar phenomena and atmospheric factors on Earth, influencing global climate and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar power refers to the buildup of dirt, and foreign matter on the exterior of solar panels, which decreases their performance. Regular cleaning and care are necessary to reduce energy decrease and ensure optimal efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when current flow is absent, spanning its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the peak electrical current that travels through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, takes place, skipping the normal load. It creates a considerable safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a measure of the maximum power capacity of a solar module under perfect sunlight conditions. It indicates the array's peak capacity to generate electricity in conventional testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electrical instrument used to determine the electrical potential between two points in a circuit. It is commonly used in numerous electrical and electronic setups to verify proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a problem in solar modules where high voltage stress causes a notable reduction in power generation and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage current and ion migration within the solar cell materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi metallic chemical element essential for plant development and employed in various industrial uses, like glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It possesses special chemical traits that render it valuable in manufacturing durable, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring perfect tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a solid and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant collects sunlight using vast groups of photovoltaic solar panels to create renewable electricity. It provides an environmentally friendly energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated method of using land for both solar energy output and farming, optimizing space and resources. This approach improves crop production while concurrently producing renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are solar panels capable of capturing sunlight using both surfaces, enhancing overall energy production. They are commonly positioned in a way that enhances performance by utilizing albedo mirroring and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a framework that provides shade while producing electricity through built-in solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a assembly of several solar panels configured to create electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in green energy setups to produce environmentally friendly, sustainable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a structure that offers shade and cover from the weather for exterior areas. It boosts the usability and look of a terrace, making it a pleasant area for leisure and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of objects in the heavens relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference heading, typically true north, to the line linking an surveyor to a destination. It is commonly used in navigation, mapping, and astrophysics to specify the direction of an celestial body relative to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor substance extensively utilized in thin-film solar cells due to its superior efficiency and cost efficiency. It exhibits superb optical features, making it a preferred choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An list of photovoltaics companies showcases the major manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are essential in promoting solar energy implementation and innovation across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of power equal to one billion watt, used to assess massive electricity generation and usage. It is commonly associated with electricity stations, electricity networks, and significant energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a international leader in solar PV power solutions, specializing in producing thin film solar panels that provide high-performance and affordable energy production. The organization is dedicated to eco-friendly renewable energy advancement and decreasing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in seamlessly linking various components of industrial and automation systems to boost performance and dependability. It aims on building cutting-edge solutions that promote seamless communication and cooperation among various tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a top Chinese-based corporation specializing in manufacturing and innovating solar-powered photovoltaic goods and services. Famous for cutting-edge technology and sustainable energy initiatives in the renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to one billion watts, often utilized to indicate the ability of massively scaled electricity production or consumption. It highlights the vast power extent involved in modern energy framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the effect where the cost per unit of production drops as total output rises, due to learning and improvements achieved over time. This concept highlights the value of stored knowledge in cutting expenses and boosting output in industrial processes and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight immediately into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This system is a environmentally friendly, renewable energy source that helps cut down reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of producing solar or wind energy is equal to or less than the expense of buying power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity indicates that renewable energy technologies are financially viable with fossil fuel-based coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the standard electrical power supplied to residences and businesses through a network of power lines, offering a reliable source of energy for numerous appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the nation, and is delivered through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all elements of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is vital for ensuring the optimum and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is harnessed from the solar radiation using photovoltaic panels to produce electricity or through solar thermal systems to generate heat. It is a green, renewable, and eco-conscious source of power that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in residential, corporate, and industrial sites to create green, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, providing renewable energy solutions where conventional power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of sun-powered products features a range of gadgets that harness sunlight to produce energy, promoting green and eco-conscious living. These solutions include covering solar chargers and lights to appliances and outdoor gear, offering flexible solutions for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar energy facility is a plant that transforms sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a renewable energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV use lenses or mirrors to focus solar radiation on advanced solar cells, considerably boosting power output from a compact footprint. This method is highly suitable where direct, strong sunlight and provides a viable solution to reducing the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
