| Solar panel | Solar array act as devices that transform sunlight into using PV cells. They are an eco-friendly and alternative energy source, reducing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar thermal collector is a device that collects sunlight to generate heat, usually used for hot water production or space heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses sun rays to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating systems, space warming, or electricity generation. It is a renewable and sustainable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic nation in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural traditions, notable attractions, and bustling cities like London. It boasts a diverse landscape of rolling hills, ancient castles, and bustling urban centers that blend history with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the natural illumination emitted by the sun, essential for living organisms on Earth as it offers power for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a kind of power resulting from the movement of electrically charged entities, primarily negatively charged particles. It fuels countless appliances and infrastructures, enabling modern life and technological progress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a opposite electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional stream of electric charge, usually produced by battteries, power sources, and solar panels. It provides a steady voltage or current, causing it crucial for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a instrument that stores chemical energy and converts it into current to run various digital equipment. It comprises several electrochemical units, each housing electrode pairs divided by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts sunlight directly into power using photovoltaic panels made of solar cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy solution that minimizes reliance on non-renewable energy sources and promotes sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a device that converts direct current (DC) created by solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for household use and grid integration. It plays a crucial role in enhancing energy performance and ensuring secure, reliable power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that changes direction cyclically, typically used in residential and industrial power supplies. It allows for efficient transmission of electricity over long distances and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, typically sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that manages the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and damage. It ensures optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a instrument used to ascertain the dimension, quantity, or intensity of something accurately. It includes instruments like meters, temperature sensors, and pressure gauges that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a device that instantaneously its orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement across the day, maximizing energy absorption. This technology boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are large-scale plants that capture sunlight to create electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They supply a sustainable and eco-friendly energy resource, decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lowering pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves placing photovoltaic solar panels on roofs of buildings to create electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps minimize reliance on non-renewable fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-connected photovoltaic system transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar power satellite is an spacecraft equipped with solar panels that collect sunlight and transform into electrical energy. This energy is then sent wirelessly to our planet for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions retain excess electricity generated from renewable sources or the power grid for future use, enhancing energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These systems typically utilize batteries to offer backup energy, cut down energy costs, and assist grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar cells documents the progress and innovations in solar power tech from the initial discovery of the photovoltaic effect to modern high-efficiency solar arrays. It highlights major innovations, including the development of the original silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and persistent developments that have substantially improved power conversion and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a Gallic scientist renowned for his innovative work in the study of the solar effect and glow. His research laid the basis for comprehending how radiation interacts with specific substances to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrician and scientist known for finding out the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His work formed the basis for the development of the photoconductive cell and advancements in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free platform used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an United States inventor who invented the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His groundbreaking work laid the basis for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-fired power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work paved the way for modern solar energy technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a famous R&D organization traditionally associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computer science, and materials research. It has been the source of many groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, well known for its crucial role in the fabrication of electronic components and solar cells. It is a solid, fragile crystalline material with a blue-grey shine, mainly utilized as a electronic component in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a compact unit installed on each solar module to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This method improves system efficiency, facilitates enhanced system tracking, and increases energy production in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a device that converts sunlight straight into electricity through the solar energy process. It is commonly used in solar arrays to offer a renewable and renewable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that delivers renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon is a basic particle which represents a packet of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum without containing rest mass. It has a key role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the phenomenon by which particular compounds transform sunlight straight into electricity through the production of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the fundamental principle behind solar cell technology, enabling the utilization of solar sunlight for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a thin slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the substrate for fabricating integrated circuits. It functions as the main platform where microchips are built through processes like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic components due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its structured, systematic crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, flexible design, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a lower cost. They use thin semiconductor layers a few micrometers thick to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the weight of construction parts and permanent equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as people, furnishings, and external influences. Both are critical considerations in structural design to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components in a line, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components across the same voltage source, permitting multiple paths for current. These arrangements influence the circuit's overall resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy represents the rate at which electrical energy flows by an electrical circuit, primarily for running devices and appliances. Produced through diverse origins such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear power, and sustainable sources, and is essential for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a standard of energy transfer rate in the metric system, indicating the rate of energy flow or transformation. It is equivalent to one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic pressure difference between two points, which pushes the movement of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and shows the power per individual charge accessible to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the base unit of electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force in the metric system. It measures the voltage per charge unit between two points in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the passage of electrical charge through a conductor, typically measured in A. It is necessary for supplying electronic devices and enabling the working of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp represents the standard of electrical flow in the SI units, represented by A. It measures the flow of electric charge through a wire over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the level of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and Electrical load in a circuit. It influences the configuration and power of power systems to ensure reliable and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical housing used to safely house wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a safe and trustworthy manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a convenient and standardized method of supplying electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is often used for charging and energizing a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a unit that changes DC from inputs like batteries or photovoltaic arrays into AC suitable for home devices. It permits the application of regular electrical equipment in environments where only direct current electricity is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack is a collection of multiple individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically regulate the position of solar modules to monitor the solar trajectory throughout the 24 hours, enhancing energy absorption. This system increases the performance of solar energy collection by ensuring best solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to optimize the power generation of photovoltaic systems by continuously adjusting the operating point to correspond to the peak power point of the photovoltaic modules. This procedure guarantees the most efficient power harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by individually improving the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a instrument that tracks and analyzes the efficiency of photovoltaic panel systems in live, delivering useful data on energy generation and system health. It aids optimize solar energy generation by identifying faults early and ensuring optimal output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are flexible, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are typically used in photovoltaic modules to supply energy to homes, appliances, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of countless tiny silicon crystals, typically used in solar panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its manufacturing process involves liquefying and restructuring silicon to create a pure, polycrystalline form suitable for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a premium form of silicon with a continuous lattice structure, making it highly efficient for use in solar panels and electronics. Its homogeneous formation allows for better electron flow, resulting in better performance compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics represent a kind of thin-film solar method that provides a economical and efficient alternative for large-scale solar energy harvesting. They are known as their great absorption efficiency and moderately affordable manufacturing costs compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are flexible solar cells that utilize a layered material of copper, indium, Ga, and selenium to convert sunlight into electricity effectively. They are noted for their great light capturing performance, flexibility, and potential for portable, affordable solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a disordered atomic arrangement, making it easier to handle and easier to deposit than ordered silicon. It is often used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic components due to its cost-effectiveness and flexible characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic cells aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and new techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, lowering costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar panels are innovative photovoltaic modules that utilize several p-n junctions layered in tandem to collect a wider range of the solar spectrum, greatly increasing their efficiency. They are mainly employed in space missions and high-performance solar power installations due to their outstanding energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are vital components that generate sunlight into electric power to supply onboard instrumentation. Usually lightweight, robust, and crafted to function effectively in the extreme space conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metal, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor famous for its high electron mobility and efficiency in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics use optics or reflectors to direct sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-junction solar cells, significantly increasing energy conversion efficiency. This approach is perfect for large capacity solar power plants in zones with sunny sunlight, delivering a economical option for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and pliant form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a thin film of copper indium gallium selenide as the solar semiconductor, known for superior performance and flexibility. They offer a portable, economical alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with great output in various environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a fine layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in multiple technological fields. These layers are vital in electronics, optics, and coatings for their particular physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a eco-friendly and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a stratum of compound spanning tiny nanometric scales to multiple micrometers in dimension, often applied to surfaces for functional applications. These layers are used in various industries, including electronics industry, optics, and medicine, to modify surface characteristics or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to illustrate very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are accurate measuring instruments used to accurately measure minute thicknesses or widths, generally in mechanical engineering and production. They feature a calibrated screw device that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a narrow, round segment of silicon crystal used as the platform for fabricating semiconductor devices. It functions as the foundational material in the manufacture of ICs and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are compact solar modules famous for their superior output and adaptability, perfect for diverse applications. They employ a layered semiconductor structure that turns sunlight directly into electrical energy with remarkable effectiveness in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a type of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is recognized for being affordable and having a relatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sun rays directly into power using solar panels, supplying a renewable energy source for home, commercial, and utility-scale applications. They provide a clean, sustainable, and economical way to decrease reliance on fossil fuels and decrease carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that transforms sunlight into electricity using a light-sensitive dye to capture light and produce electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and adaptable alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for see-through and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum confinement effects. This approach offers the potential for cost-effective, bendable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are photovoltaic units that use carbon-based molecules, to turn sun's energy into electricity. They are easy to handle, pliable, and offer the potential for more affordable, broad solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a advantageous photovoltaic material used in thin-film solar panels due to its earth-abundant and harmless elements. Its favorable photo-electronic properties make it an attractive substitute for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of construction components, such as rooftops, building exteriors, and windows. This cutting-edge approach enhances energy performance while maintaining aesthetic appeal and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material with little distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency allows light to spread through, making detailed visibility obscured but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves applying a transparent film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices panes to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It enhances privacy, improves energy efficiency, and adds a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of PV power stations details various extensive solar energy plants around the globe, showcasing their power and positions. These stations serve a important role in sustainable energy production and international efforts to lower carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are massive facilities that transform sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. They are essential in renewable energy generation, cutting dependence on coal and oil, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of challenges such as pollution, global warming, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote eco-friendly methods and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from environmentally friendly sources that are renewably sourced, such as solar radiation, air currents, and hydroelectric power. It offers a eco-friendly alternative to traditional fuels, reducing environmental harm and enhancing long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as bituminous coal, oil, and fossil gas, are limited reserves formed over extensive periods and are exhausted when used. They are the main fuels for power production and vehicle operation but pose environmental and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various power sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable resources into electrical energy. This process usually takes place in power stations where turbines and generators work together to produce electricity for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, poisonous elements such as Pb, mercury, Cd, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance assesses how well a solar panel transforms sunlight into usable electrical energy. Boosting this Solar-cell efficiency is key for maximizing renewable energy generation and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metal ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This event provided significant indication for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that light energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves subjecting products to higher-than-normal stresses to speedily determine their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar energy systems has quickened rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by innovations and decreasing costs. This growth is changing the international energy scene by boosting the portion of sustainable solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power plants intended to generate electricity on a industrial scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover large areas and utilize solar panels or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a see-through component that bends light to converge or spread out rays, producing images. It is frequently used in equipment like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a coating applied to vision surfaces to cut down on glare and improve light transmission. It enhances the clarity and luminosity of lenses by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in such a way that their wave heights negate each other, causing a reduction or complete elimination of the combined wave. This phenomenon usually happens when these waves are phase-shifted by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to a type of electrical flow that periodically reverses, typically used in power supply systems. The voltage fluctuates in a sinusoidal pattern over time, allowing cost-effective transfer over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A compact inverter is a tiny entity used to change DC from a single solar module into AC suitable for domestic use. It improves system performance by maximizing energy production at the module level and eases setup and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or AC electrical energy, is electrical power delivered through a network where the voltage level and electric flow cyclically reverse direction, enabling optimized transmission over vast spans. It is frequently used in residences and commercial sectors to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a type of electrical coupling used to supply DC energy from a power source to an electronic equipment. It typically consists of a round plug and socket that guarantee a secure and consistent connection for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | UL is a worldwide safety validation agency that evaluates and approves products to guarantee they meet certain safety standards. It supports consumers and firms identify dependable and safe products through strict evaluation and testing procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electrical circuits in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this arrangement, the constant current passes through all parts, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electronic circuits where components are connected between the same voltage source, providing multiple routes for current flow. This setup allows devices to operate independently, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode serves as a semiconductor device that allows current to pass in a single way only, acting as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12-volt, created to deliver electrical power for different devices and accessories inside a car. It enables users to power electronic electronics or operate small appliances while on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for connecting hardware to computing systems, allowing data transfer and power delivery. It accommodates a broad spectrum of devices such as keyboards, pointer devices, external drives, and cell phones, with various revisions offering increased speeds and upgraded features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into usable energy. Improving this efficiency plays a key role in increasing energy output and making solar power economical and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy conservation technologies. It focuses on developments in solar, wind, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to promote a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses the entire range of electromagnetic radiation, spanning from wireless signals to high-energy photons, all possessing different lengths and power. This spectrum is essential for numerous technological applications and natural phenomena, enabling data exchange, medical imaging, and understanding of the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily emitted by the sun. It serves a key role in processes like vitamin D production but can also lead to skin damage and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color palette based on variations of a sole hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create balance and accord. This layout approach emphasizes minimalism and elegance by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per sq meter. It is a crucial parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the intensity of sunlight hitting a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a unit of measurement used to calculate the magnitude of power or energy flow received or emitted over a specific surface, commonly in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in grasping the dispersion and movement of power across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of diverse colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or alternatively. It is frequently used to describe the distribution of light or signal bandwidths in various scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large mass of atmosphere with comparatively consistent temp and moisture features, coming from from particular source areas. These air masses influence weather systems and atmospheric states as they pass through various zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the quantification of the power per square meter received from the Sun in the type of solar rays. It fluctuates with solar activity and Earth's atmospheric conditions, affecting global climate and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar energy refers to the collection of dirt, and other particles on the surface of photovoltaic modules, which diminishes their output. Consistent upkeep and servicing are necessary to limit energy waste and guarantee maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage available from a power source when there is no current, measured across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the maximum electrical current that flows through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, takes place, skipping the normal load. It creates a significant safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a measure of the maximum power generation of a solar panel under optimal sunlight conditions. It reflects the panel's peak potential to create electricity in standard testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an electronic device used to check the electrical potential between two points in a electronic circuit. It is widely employed in different electrical and electronic fields to ensure proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a phenomenon in photovoltaic modules where high voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion migration within the solar cell components, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a semi metallic element necessary for plant growth and employed in different industrial uses, including glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It exhibits unique chemical properties that make it valuable in producing long-lasting, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring optimal tilt and alignment for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a robust and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant collects sunlight using large arrays of photovoltaic solar panels to create renewable electricity. It supplies an eco-friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated practice of employing land for both solar energy generation and farming, optimizing space and resources. This method boosts crop production while simultaneously generating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar panels able to absorb sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, improving overall energy output. They are usually installed in a way that enhances performance by taking advantage of albedo reflection and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a framework that provides shade while generating electricity through integrated solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a collection of several solar panels arranged to produce electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in green energy setups to produce renewable, eco-friendly power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a framework that offers shade and shelter from the elements for al fresco areas. It enhances the practicality and aesthetic appeal of a terrace, making it a comfortable space for leisure and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of celestial entities in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference direction, usually true north, to the line connecting an viewer to a target object. It is often used in wayfinding, land measurement, and celestial observation to specify the direction of an celestial body with respect to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor material widely used in thin-film solar cells due to its superior efficiency and affordability. It demonstrates outstanding optical properties, making it a common choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A directory of photovoltaics companies showcases the major manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions globally. These companies are key in promoting solar energy integration and innovation across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watt, used to quantify big electricity generation and consumption. It is commonly associated with electricity stations, national grids, and significant energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a international leader in solar energy solutions, expert in manufacturing thin film-based solar panels that deliver excellent efficiency and affordable energy production. The company is focused on sustainable energy development and decreasing the world dependency on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in seamlessly connecting various elements of industrial and automation systems to enhance efficiency and trustworthiness. It aims on creating innovative solutions that promote smooth communication and interoperability among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an leading China's firm expert in producing and developing solar solar items and systems. It is known for state-of-the-art tech and eco-friendly energy programs within the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to one billion W, often employed to represent the potential of massively scaled electricity production or usage. It highlights the vast energy magnitude involved in contemporary energy infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the production cost drops as overall production grows, due to learning and efficiencies achieved over time. This concept highlights the value of learned skills in lowering costs and boosting output in industrial processes and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems turn sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This system is a pure, renewable energy source that helps cut down reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of creating solar or wind energy becomes the same as or less than the expense of buying power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity indicates that sustainable energy sources are financially competitive with traditional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the standard electrical power supplied to residences and businesses through a grid of power lines, offering a consistent source of energy for different appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the country, and is supplied through AC power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all parts of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is crucial for securing the efficient and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is harnessed from the solar radiation using photovoltaic panels to generate electricity or through solar heating systems to generate heat. It represents a green, renewable, and environmentally friendly energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in home, corporate, and manufacturing settings to generate green, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, delivering sustainable energy solutions where standard power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of sun-powered goods features a range of tools that harness sunlight to convert energy, promoting green and renewable living. These items include covering solar chargers and lights to home equipment and outdoor gear, offering multi-purpose options for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar power plant is a plant that generates sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. It is a renewable energy source that supports lowering reliance on non-renewable energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics employ lenses and mirrors to focus solar radiation on high-performance photovoltaic cells, considerably increasing energy capture using a smaller area. This approach is highly suitable where intense, direct sunlight plus, it offers a viable solution to reducing the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
