| Solar panel | Solar array act as instruments that change sunlight into electricity using PV cells. They serve as an environmentally friendly and sustainable energy source, minimizing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a apparatus that absorbs sunlight to produce heat, usually used for water heating or room heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses solar radiation to generate heat, which can be used for water heating systems, space warming, or power generation. It is a renewable and renewable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic nation in the United Kingdom known for its wealthy cultural traditions, notable attractions, and lively urban areas like London. It boasts a diverse landscape of rolling hills, ancient castles, and busy metropolitan areas that combine heritage with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the environmental radiance emitted by the star, vital for living organisms on Earth as it provides fuel for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a form of power due to the movement of charged particles, primarily electrons. It drives countless devices and systems, enabling today’s lifestyle and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the single-direction flow of electric charge, typically produced by battteries, electrical sources, and solar panels. It provides a constant voltage or current, rendering it crucial for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a device that holds chemical energy and transforms it into electrical energy to power various electronic gadgets. It consists of several galvanic units, each containing anode and cathode divided by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A solar power system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels made of semiconductor cells. It is an green energy solution that minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and promotes sustainable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a device that transforms direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into AC suitable for household use and utility connection. It is vital for enhancing energy performance and providing reliable, consistent energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that flips direction cyclically, typically used in home and industrial power supplies. It enables efficient transmission of electricity over long distances and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that manages the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from excess charging and harm. It guarantees efficient energy transfer and prolongs the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a tool used to ascertain the extent, volume, or intensity of something accurately. It includes tools like scales, temperature sensors, and manometers that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a device that automatically adjusts its orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement across the day, enhancing energy absorption. This innovation boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are huge facilities that utilize sunlight to produce electricity using many solar panels. They provide a sustainable and renewable energy resource, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves setting up photovoltaic panels on building rooftops to create electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps reduce reliance on non-renewable fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-tied photovoltaic system transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an artificial satellite equipped with solar arrays that gather solar radiation and convert it into electricity. This power is then sent wirelessly to the planet's surface for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems store excess energy generated from renewable energy or the power grid for subsequent consumption, boosting energy independence and effectiveness. These solutions commonly employ batteries to offer backup energy, reduce energy expenses, and aid grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The timeline of solar cells chronicles the advancement and improvements in solar power technology from the initial invention of the solar effect to modern high-performance solar arrays. It features significant innovations, including the creation of the original silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and ongoing innovations that have significantly boosted power conversion and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French-born physicist famous for his groundbreaking work in the study of the solar effect and luminescence. His tests laid the groundwork for grasping how illumination interacts with particular materials to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrician and scientist known for finding out the photo-conductive property of Se in 1873. His research formed the basis for the creation of the photoconductive cell and advancements in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an free platform used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an American innovator who developed the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work laid the groundwork for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-fired power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce vapor that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work formed the basis of modern photovoltaic technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned research and development entity historically associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computer science, and materials research. It has been the source of many groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and number 14, famous for its crucial role in the fabrication of electronic devices and solar panels. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a bluish-gray metallic luster, predominantly employed as a semi-conductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a compact unit installed on each solar panel to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This method increases system efficiency, enables improved performance oversight, and improves energy yield in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a component that turns sunlight immediately into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is commonly used in solar arrays to provide a green and renewable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that provides eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon is a basic particle that represents a unit of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It has a key role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the process by which specific substances turn sunlight straight into electricity through the creation of electron-hole pairs. This phenomenon is the fundamental foundation behind solar panel systems, enabling the utilization of solar energy for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electrical engineering is a thin slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the substrate for creating integrated circuits. It serves as the main platform where microprocessors are built through processes like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic devices due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its organized, neat crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology characterized by their lightweight, flexible design, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a reduced expense. They use thin semiconductor layers just several micrometers in thickness to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the static forces exerted by the mass of structural elements and stationary equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as people, furniture, and environmental factors. Both are important considerations in engineering design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components end-to-end, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits link components across the identical voltage source, allowing several paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's total resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electrical network, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Produced through various sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, and sustainable sources, and is essential for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a unit of energy conversion in the International System of Units, representing the measure of energy movement or conversion. It is equal to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical potential difference between two points, which drives the movement of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and indicates the power per single charge available to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the derived unit of electrical potential, electric potential difference, and EMF in the metric system. It measures the voltage per unit charge between points in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the movement of electricity through a metal wire, usually measured in A. It is crucial for supplying electronic equipment and allowing the functioning of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp represents the measure of electrical current in the International System of Units, represented by A. It indicates the movement of electric charge through a wire over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the level of electrical power or current demanded by devices and Electrical load in a circuit. It influences the layout and capacity of power systems to guarantee reliable and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical casing used to protect wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a reliable and dependable manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a simple and standardized method of delivering electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is frequently used for powering and supplying a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a device that converts direct current (DC) from inputs like cells or solar panels into AC suitable for domestic gadgets. It permits the use of standard electrical devices in locations where only direct current electricity is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack serves as an collection of numerous individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically adjust the angle of solar modules to follow the sun movement throughout the 24 hours, optimizing energy absorption. This system boosts the efficiency of solar power gathering by ensuring optimal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to maximize the energy production of photovoltaic systems by constantly tuning the operating point to match the maximum power point of the solar cells. This procedure provides the best performance power harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by individually tailored optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a device that observes and evaluates the performance of solar power systems in live, delivering important data on energy production and system health. It helps enhance solar power generation by spotting faults ahead of time and securing highest performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are flexible, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the solar energy conversion process, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are frequently used in solar arrays to power homes, electronic gadgets, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of many minute silicon crystals, frequently used in photovoltaic panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its manufacturing process involves melting and restructuring silicon to create a high-purity, polycrystalline type fit for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a high-purity form of silicon with a continuous crystal structure, making it very effective for use in photovoltaic modules and electronic devices. Its consistent structure allows for enhanced electron flow, resulting in better efficiency compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics constitute a type of thin film solar technology that provides a affordable and effective option for extensive solar energy generation. They are their great absorption efficiency and moderately low manufacturing costs in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are thin-film photovoltaic cells that employ a layered compound of Cu, In, Ga, and Se to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. They are recognized for their high light capturing efficiency, bendability, and capability for lightweight, affordable solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a amorphous molecular structure, making it easier to handle and more straightforward to layer than crystalline silicon. It is often used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic components due to its economic advantage and versatile properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic panels aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and new techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, lowering costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar panels are advanced photovoltaic modules that employ several p-n junctions stacked in tandem to absorb a broader range of the solar spectrum, greatly boosting their efficiency. They are primarily used in space missions and high-efficiency solar power systems due to their excellent energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are essential devices that transform sunlight into electric power to operate onboard equipment. Usually lightweight, durable, and designed to operate efficiently in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic component, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor recognized for its high electron mobility and efficiency in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV employ lenses or mirrors to direct sunlight onto very efficient multi-band solar cells, substantially improving energy conversion efficiency. This technique is ideal for large capacity solar power plants in zones with clear sunlight, delivering a cost-effective solution for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and pliant form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CIGS compound as the photovoltaic material, known for excellent energy conversion and bendability. They offer a lightweight, budget-friendly alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with great output in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a very thin layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in multiple technological applications. These films are essential in electronic systems, light manipulation, and coatings for their distinctive physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a eco-friendly and economical energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a layer of compound covering tiny nanometric scales to several micrometers in thickness, often applied to surfaces for purposeful functions. These coatings are used in various industries, including electronics industry, optical technologies, and medical applications, to change surface traits or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are measurement units equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to illustrate minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are accurate gauges used to accurately measure small distances or thicknesses, generally in machining and production. They feature a calibrated screw device that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon substrate is a slender, circular piece of silicon crystal used as the substrate for constructing semiconductor devices. It serves as the basic material in the fabrication of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are flexible photovoltaic devices known for their superior output and adaptability, perfect for diverse applications. They employ a multilayer layered semiconductor setup that converts sunlight straight into electrical energy with excellent performance in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon is a kind of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is known for being economical and having a relatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels, offering a renewable energy source for home, business, and grid applications. They provide a environmentally friendly, renewable, and cost-effective way to decrease reliance on fossil fuels and lower carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device that converts sunlight into electricity using a light-reactive dye to take in light and create electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and versatile alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for see-through and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum confinement effects. This technology offers the potential for cost-effective, flexible, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are solar cells that employ organic materials, to turn solar radiation into electricity. They are easy to handle, flexible, and enable more affordable, extensive solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a advantageous photovoltaic material used in thin-film solar modules due to its plentiful and non-toxic elements. Its excellent photo-electronic properties make it an attractive substitute for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of construction components, such as rooftops, building exteriors, and glazing. This innovative approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining aesthetic appeal and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material with little distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency permits light to spread through, hiding detailed view but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves placing a light film to the interior or exterior of cars or structures panes to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It improves privacy, increases energy efficiency, and provides a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of solar power stations overview various large-scale solar energy facilities around the world, highlighting their power and positions. These facilities function a vital role in green energy generation and worldwide efforts to cut carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are massive systems that turn sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels. They are essential in renewable energy generation, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of problems such as pollution, climate change, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote sustainable practices and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from environmentally friendly sources that are renewably sourced, such as solar radiation, air currents, and hydropower. It offers a eco-friendly alternative to traditional fuels, decreasing environmental impact and enhancing lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, are non-replenishable supplies formed over geological eras and are consumed when used. They are the chief fuels for electrical energy and mobility but pose environmental and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various energy types such as carbon-based fuels, atomic energy, and renewable resources into electricity. This process usually takes place in power plants where turbines and generators work together to produce electricity for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, toxic elements such as plumbum, quicksilver, Cd, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance measures how efficiently a photovoltaic device transforms sunlight into convertible power. Boosting this efficiency is crucial for maximizing renewable energy output and decreasing reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metallic surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This phenomenon provided key evidence for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that light energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves exposing products to higher-than-normal stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of solar energy systems has sped up rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by technological progress and cost reductions. This expansion is changing the global energy landscape by boosting the percentage of renewable solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power plants designed to generate electricity on a industrial scale, providing power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover extensive areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a transparent component that bending light to converge or separate rays, forming images. It is frequently used in devices like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an approaching light ray and the perpendicular line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light interacts with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a coating applied to lens surfaces to minimize reflections and enhance light passage. It boosts the crispness and luminosity of screens by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in a manner that their amplitudes negate each other, causing a decrease or total eradication of the resultant waveform. This occurrence usually happens when the waves are out of phase by half a cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC refers to a type of electrical flow that periodically reverses, commonly employed in electrical distribution networks. Its voltage varies following a sine wave as time progresses, enabling effective conveyance across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a compact entity used to convert direct current (DC) from a individual solar module into AC suitable for domestic use. It improves system efficiency by optimizing power output at the panel level and simplifies setup and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC power, is electrical power delivered through a setup where the potential difference and current regularly reverse direction, enabling cost-effective transmission over vast spans. It is generally used in residences and industries to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a type of electrical connector used to supply DC energy from a power source to an electronic equipment. It typically consists of a cylindrical plug and socket that ensure a secure and dependable attachment for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a international security approval body that evaluates and approves products to ensure they meet certain security standards. It supports consumers and firms recognize dependable and protected products through rigorous evaluation and analysis procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electronic circuits in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current. In this arrangement, the identical electric current passes through all elements, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where elements are connected between the same voltage source, giving multiple channels for current flow. This setup allows units to operate separately, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode acts as a solid-state device that permits current to pass in a single direction exclusively, acting as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12V, intended to provide electrical power for multiple devices and accessories inside of a car. It enables users to power electronic devices or use small devices when on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for connecting peripheral peripherals to computers, enabling data transfer and power supply. It accommodates a variety of peripherals such as keyboards, pointer devices, external storage devices, and smartphones, with multiple generations providing higher speeds and upgraded functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into usable energy. Boosting this efficiency is crucial for increasing energy output and making solar power more cost-effective and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It aims to advance breakthroughs in solar power, wind power, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to promote a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses every kind of EM radiation, ranging from radio signals to high-energy photons, each with varied wavelengths and energies. This spectrum is essential for a wide array of devices and natural phenomena, allowing data exchange, medical imaging, and insight into the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X ray radiation, primarily emitted by the sun. It serves a key role in including vitamin D production but can also result in skin injury and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color design based on variations of a sole hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create balance and accord. This layout approach emphasizes simplicity and sophistication by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, typically measured in watts per square meter. It is a key parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the intensity of sunlight reaching a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a standard unit used to calculate the strength of power or energy flow received or emitted over a particular surface, often in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It assists with comprehending the dispersion and transfer of power across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of diverse colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or otherwise. It is often used to illustrate the spread of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large body of air with comparatively consistent temperature and humidity features, originating from certain origin areas. These air masses impact weather systems and atmospheric conditions as they pass through different regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the assessment of the power per square meter received from the solar source in the manner of electromagnetic radiation. It varies with solar activity and atmospheric factors on Earth, influencing weather patterns and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Dirt buildup in solar energy refers to the collection of dirt, and other particles on the exterior of solar arrays, which diminishes their output. Regular cleaning and servicing are important to reduce energy loss and guarantee best operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage available from a power source when there is no current, taken across its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the peak electrical current that flows through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, takes place, going around the normal load. It presents a significant safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the maximum power capacity of a solar array under optimal sunlight conditions. It reflects the array's peak ability to produce electricity in standard testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A electrical potential meter is an measuring tool used to measure the electrical potential between separate points in a electrical system. It is commonly used in numerous electrical and electronic setups to maintain proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a problem in photovoltaic modules where high voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in energy production and performance. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion movement within the solar cell components, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi metallic chemical element necessary for plant growth and employed in multiple industrial applications, including glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It possesses distinctive chemical properties that make it beneficial in manufacturing robust, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring ideal tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a robust and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant captures sunlight using vast collections of photovoltaic modules to generate renewable electricity. It provides an eco-friendly energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined practice of using land for both solar energy output and cultivation, making the most of space and resources. This approach improves crop production while simultaneously generating renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are solar energy devices capable of capturing sunlight on both sides, improving overall energy generation. They are usually installed in a way that improves effectiveness by taking advantage of albedo mirroring and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a structure that provides shelter while creating electricity through embedded solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a collection of numerous photovoltaic modules arranged to produce electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in renewable energy systems to deliver renewable, eco-friendly power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a framework that delivers shade and protection from the conditions for outdoor living spaces. It boosts the usability and look of a courtyard, making it a cozy area for rest and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the measurement between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference heading, typically true north, to the line between an surveyor to a target object. It is often used in navigation, land measurement, and astrophysics to indicate the orientation of an object with respect to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential muscle strains pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor material commonly employed in thin film solar cells due to its superior efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It demonstrates outstanding optical features, making it a preferred option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A catalog of photovoltaics companies features the leading manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions globally. These companies are key in driving solar energy integration and innovation across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of energy output equal to 1,000,000,000 W, used to quantify massive power generation output and utilization. It is generally associated with electricity stations, national grids, and major power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a worldwide leader in solar power solutions, expert in making thin-film solar cells that deliver high-performance and low-cost energy production. The organization is committed to eco-friendly energy development and cutting down the world dependency on fossil fuels through advanced solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in seamlessly integrating various components of manufacturing and automation systems to boost performance and dependability. It aims on creating cutting-edge solutions that promote smooth communication and compatibility among various technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an leading China's firm specializing in manufacturing and innovating photovoltaic solar products and solutions. Famous for its advanced technology and green energy projects in the renewable energy sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often used to represent the ability of massive power production or consumption. It underscores the immense power extent involved in contemporary energy framework and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the concept where the unit cost decreases as total output increases, due to gaining knowledge and optimization gained over time. This concept highlights the significance of accumulated experience in lowering costs and boosting output in production and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems turn sunlight straight into electricity using semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This method is a environmentally friendly, renewable energy source that aids cut down reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of generating solar or wind energy becomes the same as or less than the cost of buying power from the power grid. Achieving grid parity means that green energy technologies are cost-effectively comparable with traditional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the standard electrical power supplied to houses and businesses through a network of power lines, delivering a dependable source of energy for various appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the region, and is transmitted through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all parts of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is vital for securing the effective and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is captured from the sun's rays using photovoltaic panels to convert electricity or through solar heating systems to produce heat. It represents a green, renewable, and eco-conscious source of power that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in home, commercial, and manufacturing settings to create renewable, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, offering green energy solutions where traditional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of solar-powered goods features a variety of tools that capture sunlight to produce energy, supporting eco-friendly and eco-conscious living. These items include everything from solar chargers and lights to home equipment and outdoor equipment, offering flexible solutions for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An photovoltaic power station is a facility that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a sustainable energy source that supports lowering reliance on non-renewable energy and limits greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics employ lenses plus reflectors focusing sunlight onto highly efficient solar cells, considerably enhancing energy capture using a smaller area. This technology works well where direct, strong sunlight and provides a promising approach to cut expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
