| Solar panel | Solar panel act as devices that transform sunlight into using solar cells. They are an green and renewable energy source, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a system that captures sunlight to convert heat, typically used for water heating or room heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses solar radiation to generate heat, which can be used for hot water production, space heating, or electricity generation. It is a renewable and eco-friendly technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the UK known for its rich cultural traditions, famous sights, and bustling urban areas like London. It boasts a mixed terrain of rolling hills, ancient castles, and bustling urban centers that mix tradition with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the organic radiance emitted by the star, essential for existence on Earth as it provides energy for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a form of energy generated by the motion of charged particles, primarily negatively charged particles. It powers innumerable appliances and infrastructures, facilitating modern life and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts sunlight directly into power using solar panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a negative electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the unidirectional stream of electric charge, typically produced by batteries, power supplies, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a consistent voltage or current, making it necessary for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a unit that accumulates chemical energy and transforms it into electric power to operate various electronic devices. It comprises one or more galvanic units, each housing positive and negative electrodes divided by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts solar radiation directly into electricity using solar panels composed of solar cells. It is an eco-friendly power solution that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and promotes renewable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a device that changes direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into AC fit for home use and grid integration. It plays a crucial role in optimizing energy use and ensuring reliable, consistent energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that reverses polarity cyclically, generally used in residential and industrial power supplies. It enables effective transmission of electricity over great lengths and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that controls the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from excess charging and harm. It provides optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a instrument used to measure the extent, volume, or degree of something accurately. It includes gadgets like scales, temperature sensors, and pressure gauges that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a device that automatically its orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement across the day, increasing energy absorption. This technology improves the efficiency of solar power systems by ensuring best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are huge plants that harness sunlight to produce electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They offer a renewable and renewable energy power, cutting down reliance on carbon-based fuels and decreasing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves placing photovoltaic panels on roofs of buildings to create electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps reduce reliance on non-renewable fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-tied solar energy setup transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar power satellite is an spacecraft equipped with photovoltaic panels that collect sunlight and convert it into electricity. This power is then transmitted wirelessly to Earth for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems retain excess electricity generated from renewable sources or the grid for future use, enhancing energy independence and effectiveness. These installations commonly employ batteries to offer backup energy, cut down energy expenses, and support grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar cells chronicles the development and advancements in photovoltaic technology from the early discovery of the solar effect to contemporary advanced photovoltaic modules. It showcases key innovations, including the invention of the original silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent developments that have substantially boosted energy conversion and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a Gallic physicist famous for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and glow. His tests laid the foundation for comprehending how light interacts with specific materials to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrical engineer and researcher known for finding out the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His work laid the foundation for the development of the photoconductive cell and advancements in early photographic and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source framework used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an US inventor who developed the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work established the groundwork for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-fired power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce vapor that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with finding the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductors. His work formed the basis of modern solar energy technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a prestigious research and development entity long-standing associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in telecommunications, computing, and materials research. It has been the origin of many groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, widely known for its essential role in the manufacturing of electronics and solar modules. It is a solid, fragile crystalline solid with a blue-grey shine, mainly utilized as a electronic component in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a compact device installed on each solar module to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This method increases system effectiveness, enables improved performance oversight, and improves energy yield in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a unit that turns sunlight immediately into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is frequently used in photovoltaic systems to provide a green and sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that offers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon serves as a elementary particle representing a packet of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It plays a key role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, enabling phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the phenomenon by which specific substances transform sunlight directly into electricity through the production of electron-hole pairs. This event is the core principle behind photovoltaic technology, allowing the harnessing of solar sunlight for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a slim slice of chip material, typically silicon, used as the foundation for fabricating integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where microchips are built through methods like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic components due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its regular, systematic crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar power system characterized by their light, bendable structure, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a more affordable price. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the mass of construction parts and permanent equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as occupants, furniture, and external influences. Both are important considerations in structural design to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components sequentially, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits link components between the identical voltage source, allowing several paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's total resistance, current spread, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy is the velocity at which electrical energy is transferred by an electrical network, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. Produced through diverse origins such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear, and green energy, and is essential for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a unit of energy transfer rate in the International System of Units, indicating the speed of energy transfer or conversion. It is the same as one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric potential difference between two points, which drives the flow of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and indicates the work per unit charge available to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the base unit of electric potential, voltage difference, and voltage in the metric system. It measures the voltage per coulomb between two points in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the flow of electricity through a conductor wire, typically measured in amps. It is necessary for powering electronic gadgets and facilitating the working of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere serves as the standard of electric current in the International System of Units, represented by A. It measures the movement of electric charge through a conductor over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the level of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It determines the layout and capacity of power systems to maintain reliable and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical enclosure used to securely contain wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a reliable and trustworthy manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a easy and uniform method of delivering electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is frequently used for charging and supplying a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a device that changes direct current (DC) from sources like cells or solar arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for household appliances. It permits the operation of standard electrical devices in locations where only direct current electricity is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack serves as a collection of several individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically adjust the position of solar panels to follow the sun’s path throughout the 24 hours, enhancing solar energy capture. This technology increases the effectiveness of solar energy collection by maintaining optimal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to maximize the energy production of solar energy systems by regularly modifying the operating point to align with the maximum power point of the photovoltaic modules. This procedure provides the most efficient energy extraction, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by separately optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a tool that observes and evaluates the efficiency of photovoltaic panel systems in real-time, delivering important data on power output and system health. It aids maximize solar power generation by detecting problems early and securing highest efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are flexible, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a sustainable energy source. They are commonly used in solar panels to supply energy to homes, electronic gadgets, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of countless small silicon lattice structures, frequently used in solar panels and microchip production. Its production involves melting and reforming silicon to form a ultra-pure, polycrystalline type appropriate for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a high-purity variant of silicon with a single lattice structure, making it extremely capable for use in solar cells and electronic components. Its homogeneous framework allows for improved electron flow, resulting in superior efficiency compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics are a kind of thin film solar system that provides a economical and efficient option for extensive solar energy generation. They are known as their great absorption performance and moderately reduced manufacturing fees versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are laminate solar cells that use a multi-layered material of Cu, indium, Ga, and Se to convert sunlight into energy effectively. They are recognized for their great light capturing effectiveness, flexibility, and potential for lightweight, affordable solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a disordered molecular configuration, making it more adaptable and simpler to apply than structured silicon. It is often used in thin-film solar cells and electronic systems due to its cost-effectiveness and flexible features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic panels aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and innovative techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, cutting costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar panels are innovative photovoltaic devices that use several p-n junctions stacked together to collect a broader spectrum of the solar spectrum, significantly increasing their efficiency. They are mainly employed in space missions and advanced solar power installations due to their superior energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays serve as crucial elements that convert sunlight into electric power to supply onboard systems. Usually lightweight, long-lasting, and built for efficient operation in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metallic element, used in high-speed electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor known for its great electron mobility and performance in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics employ lenses or reflectors to direct sunlight onto very efficient multi-layer solar cells, significantly increasing energy transformation efficiency. This technology is perfect for massive solar power plants in areas with sunny sunlight, providing a economical option for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Ultralight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and bendable form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CIGS compound as the light-absorbing layer, known for high efficiency and bendability. They offer a easy-to-handle, economical alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with great output in various environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a very thin layer of material, often measured in nm or μm, used in various technological uses. These layers are crucial in electronics, light manipulation, and films for their distinctive physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a sustainable and cost-effective energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a layer of substance spanning a few nanometers to a few microns in dimension, often coated on surfaces for purposeful functions. These coatings are used in various industries, including electronics, optical technologies, and medical applications, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are measurement units equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to describe very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are accurate devices used to precisely measure small distances or thicknesses, generally in manufacturing and fabrication. They feature a adjusted screw system that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a narrow, disk-shaped section of silicon crystal used as the substrate for fabricating semiconductor devices. It acts as the basic material in the fabrication of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are thin-film solar modules famous for their excellent performance and flexibility, ideal for multiple fields. They utilize a multilayer layered semiconductor setup that turns sunlight straight into electricity with remarkable efficiency in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is known for being affordable and having a comparatively high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sun rays directly into electricity using PV cells, offering a green energy source for home, industrial, and grid applications. They provide a eco-friendly, sustainable, and affordable way to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that transforms sunlight into electrical energy using a photosensitive dye to absorb light and create electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for clear and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum confinement effects. This approach offers the potential for lower-cost, adaptable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic PV cells are solar cells that employ carbon-based compounds, to transform sunlight into electricity. They are compact, flexible, and enable cost-effective, broad solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a advantageous semiconductor compound used in thin-film solar modules due to its abundant and non-toxic elements. Its superior optical-electronic properties make it an desirable substitute for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of architectural elements, such as roofing, outer walls, and fenestration. This innovative approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining aesthetic appeal and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to pass through a material bearing minimal distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency permits light to scatter through, making detailed visibility obscured but yet still permitting shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves the process of applying a light film to the inside or outside of vehicle or building windows to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It improves privacy, increases energy efficiency, and gives a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of PV power stations details various massive solar energy facilities around the planet, showcasing their capacities and locations. These plants function a vital role in renewable energy production and worldwide efforts to cut carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are large-scale installations that convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They are crucial in clean energy production, lessening dependence on coal and oil, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of issues such as pollution, climate change, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote sustainable practices and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are renewably sourced, such as the sun, air currents, and hydroelectric power. It offers a renewable option to non-renewable energy sources, decreasing environmental harm and enhancing long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as bituminous coal, oil, and fossil gas, are limited reserves formed over millions of years and are exhausted when used. They are the chief energy sources for power production and transportation but pose ecological and environmental and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear power, and green energy into electricity. This process usually takes place in power plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce electricity for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, toxic elements such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness assesses how efficiently a photovoltaic device transforms sunlight into convertible energy. Boosting this Solar-cell efficiency is key for increasing renewable energy generation and reducing reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metal ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This occurrence provided key evidence for the development of quantum theory by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves subjecting products to increased stresses to speedily determine their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar panels has quickened rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by technological advancements and decreasing costs. This growth is transforming the international energy scene by boosting the portion of sustainable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power plants built to generate electricity on a commercial scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover vast areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a clear instrument that bending light to converge or separate rays, producing images. It is frequently used in instruments like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to control light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line orthogonal to the surface at the point of contact. It controls how light interacts with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a coating applied to vision surfaces to minimize reflections and enhance light passage. It improves the sharpness and illumination of screens by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in a manner that that their wave heights cancel each other out, resulting in a reduction or full disappearance of the combined wave. This phenomenon typically happens when the waveforms are not in phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is a type of electrical flow that alternates direction, typically used in power supply systems. The electrical potential changes in a sinusoidal pattern throughout its cycle, permitting efficient transmission over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a miniature component used to convert DC from a individual solar module into alternating current (AC) suitable for home applications. It enhances system performance by maximizing energy production at the module level and simplifies setup and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC power, is electricity delivered through a system where the voltage and current cyclically reverse orientation, enabling cost-effective transmission over vast spans. It is frequently used in households and industries to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a kind of electrical coupling used to deliver direct current (DC) power from a power supply to an electronic device. It usually consists of a tube-shaped plug and jack that provide a secure and consistent connection for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a global safety validation agency that assesses and certifies products to guarantee they adhere to specific security norms. It supports consumers and companies identify trustworthy and protected products through rigorous evaluation and testing processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electronic circuits in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this arrangement, the identical electric current passes through all components, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electronic circuits where elements are connected across the same voltage source, offering multiple paths for current flow. This configuration allows components to operate autonomously, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode acts as a semiconductor device that allows current to pass in one sense exclusively, functioning as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electrical systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12 volt, created to provide electrical power for different devices and add-ons inside a automobile. It allows users to recharge electronic gadgets or use small appliances when on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for connecting peripheral devices to computers, enabling information exchange and electric power. It supports a wide range of peripherals such as keypads, mice, external storage, and cell phones, with various generations delivering higher speeds and enhanced performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into electrical energy. Improving this efficiency is crucial for optimizing energy generation and making solar power economical and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy efficiency technologies. It aims to advance developments in solar power, wind power, biomass energy, and additional renewable sources to promote a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses every kind of EM radiation, extending from radio waves to high-energy photons, each with diverse lengths and energies. This band is essential for numerous technological applications and natural events, allowing data exchange, healthcare imaging, and comprehension of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a kind of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It serves a crucial role in processes like vitamin D production but can also cause skin damage and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color scheme based on variations of a individual hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and connexion. This composition approach emphasizes minimalism and elegance by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, typically measured in watts/m². It is a important parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, indicating the strength of sunlight hitting a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a measurement unit used to calculate the strength of radiation or energy flow received or emitted over a defined area, often in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It assists with understanding the dispersion and conveyance of radiation across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of diverse hues or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or otherwise. It is often used to illustrate the distribution of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large mass of air with fairly consistent temp and humidity features, deriving from from particular source zones. These airmass affect weather systems and air states as they pass through diverse areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the measure of the power per square meter received from the Sun in the type of light. It changes with solar phenomena and Earth's atmospheric conditions, influencing climate and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar power refers to the accumulation of dust, and other particles on the exterior of solar panels, which decreases their efficiency. Consistent upkeep and care are necessary to limit energy loss and guarantee best operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage available from a power source when no current is flowing, spanning its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the peak electrical current that flows through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, skipping the normal load. It poses a significant safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a measure of the highest power generation of a solar array under perfect sunlight conditions. It indicates the array's peak capacity to create electricity in typical testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electrical instrument used to determine the potential difference between two locations in a electronic circuit. It is widely employed in various electrical and electronic applications to ensure proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a problem in photovoltaic modules where elevated voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in energy production and performance. It occurs due to current leakage and ion transfer within the solar cell components, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a semi metallic element necessary for plant growth and applied in different industrial uses, including glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It exhibits special chemical properties that cause it beneficial in creating long-lasting, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring perfect tilt and alignment for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a solid and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant captures sunlight using vast collections of photovoltaic modules to produce renewable electricity. It supplies an eco-friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated practice of employing land for both solar power production and farming, maximizing space and resources. This approach boosts crop production while simultaneously creating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are photovoltaic devices able to absorb sunlight on both sides, boosting overall energy production. They are commonly positioned in a way that allows for increased efficiency by taking advantage of albedo reflection and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a structure that provides shelter while producing electricity through integrated solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a assembly of numerous photovoltaic modules arranged to create electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in sustainable power systems to deliver environmentally friendly, sustainable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a construction that delivers shade and cover from the weather for outdoor living spaces. It enhances the usability and aesthetic appeal of a courtyard, making it a cozy zone for leisure and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of objects in the sky relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise from a reference heading, usually true north, to the line between an observer to a target object. It is often used in navigation, mapping, and astrophysics to specify the bearing of an object with respect to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential bodily injuries pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic material widely used in thin-film solar panels due to its superior efficiency and cost efficiency. It exhibits superb optical characteristics, making it a popular choice for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An directory of photovoltaics companies showcases the major manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are key in advancing solar energy adoption and advancement across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a measure of energy output equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, used to measure big electricity production and utilization. It is generally associated with generating stations, electricity networks, and significant power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a worldwide leader in solar PV power solutions, focused on producing thin film solar modules that offer high efficiency and low-cost power generation. The company is focused on green renewable energy advancement and decreasing the world dependency on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in smoothly integrating various parts of factory and automation systems to boost productivity and reliability. It aims on creating advanced solutions that enable efficient communication and interoperability among various technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an prominent Chinese firm focused on producing and developing solar-powered photovoltaic items and systems. Renowned for state-of-the-art tech and eco-friendly energy programs in the renewable energy sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often used to indicate the capacity of massive electricity generation or consumption. It underscores the huge energy magnitude involved in contemporary power framework and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the effect where the cost per unit of production reduces as cumulative output grows, due to learning and optimization achieved over time. This effect highlights the value of accumulated experience in reducing costs and improving productivity in industrial processes and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight immediately into electricity through semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This method is a environmentally friendly, green energy source that assists reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of creating solar or wind energy becomes equal to or lower than the price of purchasing power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity means that renewable energy technologies are cost-effectively comparable with conventional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the primary electrical power supplied to homes and companies through a system of power lines, offering a dependable source of energy for different appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the region, and is delivered through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all components of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is vital for securing the optimum and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is absorbed from the solar radiation using PV panels to produce electricity or through solar heating systems to produce heat. It is a green, eco-friendly, and environmentally friendly power supply that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in residential, commercial, and industrial settings to produce renewable, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, delivering green energy solutions where traditional power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of solar energy goods features a variety of tools that harness sunlight to convert energy, promoting environmentally friendly and eco-conscious living. These products include everything from solar energy units and lights to home equipment and outdoor gear, providing multi-purpose alternatives for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An photovoltaic power station is a installation that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a sustainable energy source that helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV utilize optical lenses plus reflectors focusing solar radiation onto highly efficient photovoltaic cells, considerably increasing energy capture using less space. This method works well in areas with bright, direct sunlight and offers an innovative way to cut expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
